[신간 추천: 정상은 없다] 로이 리처드 그린커 교수 테드 강의

<정상은 없다> 저자 로이 리처드 그린커 교수의

TEDxFoggyBottom

강의 내용입니다. 

There is nothing natural or inevitable about any particular kind of shame or discrimination 
어떠한 종류의 수치심이나 차별도 자연스럽거나 불가피한 것이 아닙니다.

Consider the Jun/oansi hunter-gatherers of Namibia
나미비아의 준오안시라는 수렵채집인에 대해 생각해 봅시다. 

When I was there last I met a man named Tamzo
제가 마지막으로 그곳을 방문했을 때 탐조라는 남성을 만났습니다. 

Tamzo sometimes hears angry voices in his head
탐조는 때로 머릿속에서 분노에 찬 목소리를 듣곤 했어요. 

He goes to a clinic once a month to get antipsychotic medicines
그는 한달에 한 번 20킬로미터 가까이 떨어진 병원까지 걸어갑니다. 

Walks twelve miles each way
항정신병약을 받기 위해서죠. 

When I met with him and his family the whole village gathered around 
제가 그와 만났을 때, 그의 가족과 모든 마을 사람이 다 같이 모였습니다. 

and Tamzo’s wife said everybody knows that if Tamzo does not take his medicines, those voices will return
탐조의 아내는 마을 사람들이 탐조가 약을 먹지 않으면 머릿속 목소리들이 돌아온다는 것을 알고 있다고 했어요. 

Now those voices don’t come from within him they come from outside 
그 목소리는 그의 안에서 온 것이 아니라 밖에서 온 것이라고도 했습니다.

They were sent by spirits as revenge for a crime committed by a distant ancestor, and they settled randomly in Tamzo 
이 목소리는 먼 조상이 저지른 범죄에 대한 복수로서 혼령이 보낸 것이고, 그것이 어쩌다 탐조에게 머무른다는 것이지요. 

It’s not his fault that he’s sick and so he is not stigmatized 
탐조가 아픈 것은 그의 잘못이 아니고 따라서 그에게는 낙인이 따라붙지 않습니다. 

Now at the clinic they write the word schizophrenia when they give him his medicines 
그가 방문하는 병원에서는 탐조에게 약을 줄 때 조현병이라는 단어를 쓸 것입니다.

But that word really has no meaning for the Jun/oansi. In fact, they have no word for psychosis other than a general word that means crazy 
준오안시 사람들에게 ‘조현병’은 아무 의미 없는 말입니다. 그들의 언어에는 “미쳤다” 라는 단어 외에 정신증을 표현하는 단어가 없습니다. 

And at any rate one’s only crazy when one is hallucinating because for the moment Tamzo is not hallucinating no one says he is crazy 
누군가 미쳤다고 할 때는 그 사람이 환각 증상을 보일 때인데, 탐조는 환각을 겪지 않았기 때문에 아무도 그가 미쳤다고 하지 않았습니다. 

And no one stigmatizes him as ill
그리고 아무도 그를 아프다고 낙인 찍지 않았습니다.

In another village, I met a little boy nine years old named Geshe. 
다른 마을에서 저는 게쉬라는 9살 소년을 만났습니다. 

Geshe is nonverbal 
게쉬는 말을 하지 않습니다.

He moves his hands and fingers in front of his face in unusual ways. He likes to be alone. He doesn’t make good eye contact 
그는 손과 손가락을 특이하게 움직이고 혼자 있기를 좋아하며 다른 사람과 시선을 잘 맞추지 않습니다. 

Well, were he in a clinic in the United States, he might very well be diagnosed with autism
미국이었다면, 자폐증으로 진단받았을 가능성이 큽니다. 

He has all the classic signs
자폐증의 전형적인 징후를 보이거든요. 

But when I talk to his parents, I asked them if they’d taken him to a doctor or a nurse or a clinic
그러나 게쉬의 부모에게 병원이나 의사 혹은 간호사에게 그를 데려간 적이 있느냐고 묻자

And they said no why should we. He’s perfectly fine
그들은 그런 적이 없다며, 아이에게 전혀 문제가 없는데 왜 그래야 하느냐고 하더군요. 

He’s incredible at herding the goats. He knows where those goats are every moment night and day
게쉬가 염소를 잘 몰고 밤이든 낮이든 염소들이 어디 있는지 잘 안다고요. 

And then when I asked them if they were worried about who would take care of Geshe once he and his wife passed away
제가 부모님이 돌아가시면 아들을 누가 돌볼지 걱정되지 않냐고 물었을 때, 

He looked confused and he looked at the whole village, and he said but we’re not all gonna die at once 
게쉬의 아버지는 혼란스러운 듯한 표정으로 이웃들을 돌아보며 “저희가 다 한꺼번에 죽지는 않겠죠”라고 대답했습니다.

Now I would never claim that Jun/oansi society is idyllic, but there is something we can learn from it 
저는 준오안시 사회가 이상향이라고 주장하려는 것이 아닙니다. 그러나 우리가 그들에게서 배울 점이 있다고 생각합니다. 

They have fashioned a society that accepts differences that we have shunned 
그들은 우리가 기피해왔던 차이를 받아들이는 사회를 만들었습니다.

They don’t believe in the individual who is responsible for all of his successes and failures 
준오안시 사람들은 누군가의 성공과 실패가 모두 그 자신의 책임이라고 생각하지 않습니다.

They don’t believe that a condition like autism or schizophrenia can define a person’s entire identity 
이들은 조현병과 자폐증 같은 상태가 사람 자체를 규정한다고도 생각하지 않습니다. 

which of course is the essence of stigma
낙인의 핵심은 그런 식으로 한 사람을 규정하는 것이지요. 

But in Europe and north America, we have long worshiped the autonomous individual 
그런데 유럽이나 북미에서 우리는 오랫동안 자율적인 개인을 숭배해왔습니다. 

We’ve dignified those who produce the most capital, and we have stigmatized those who produce the least 
우리는 가장 많은 자본을 생산하는 사람을 치켜세우고 가장 적게 생산해내는 사람에게 낙인을 찍어왔습니다. 

In fact, the first mental illness categories were invented in the early industrial revolution to separate out and to give distinctive identities to people who were idle or unproductive  
사실 가장 초기의 정신병 분류 체계는 산업혁명 초기에 만들어졌습니다. 일하지 않거나 생산적이지 않은 사람들을 분류해서 그들에게 이름표를 붙이기 위해서였습니다. 

In other words, in Capitalism mental illness became a mark of shame 
즉 자본주의하에서 정신병은 수치스러움의 증표가 된 것입니다. 

In the United States today at any moment 25 percent of Americans have a mental illness 
오늘날, 25퍼센트의 미국인이 정신병을 가지고 있습니다.

Some have very serious consequences
몇몇은 굉장히 심각한 상태가 되기도 합니다. 

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among teenagers 
십대 청소년의 사망 원인 중 자살이 세번째를 차지하고 있습니다.

Anorexia nervosa has a mortality rate of as high as 10% by some measures
어떤 측정치에 따르면, 거식증의 사망률은 10퍼센트에 이른다고 합니다. 

Yet 60% of Americans with mental illnesses get no treatment at all 
그러나 정신 질환을 가진 미국인의 60퍼센트가 전혀 치료를 받고 있지 않습니다.

Why is this the case? 
왜 그럴까요? 

The biggest barrier to care is that people with mental illnesses suffer from a double illness 
치료를 받는 데 가장 큰 걸림돌은 정신 질환을 가진 사람들이 이중 질병에 시달리기 때문입니다. 

First, the condition
첫째는 질병 그 자체입니다. 

Second, society’s negative reaction
둘째는 사회의 부정적인 반응입니다.  

Fortunately, the stigma of mental illness seems to be rapidly diminishing 
다행스럽게도, 정신 질환에 대한 낙인은 빠르게 줄어들고 있는 것으로 보입니다.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is no longer just a sign of weakness but it’s actually considered a normal reaction to stress 
외상 후 스트레스 장애(PTSD)는 나약함이 아니라 스트레스에 대한 정상적인 반응으로 생각되고 있습니다. 

And in some cases even the sign of resilience and strength 
심지어는 PTSD가 그 사람의 회복탄력성과 강점을 보여준다고 여겨지기도 합니다.  

Early intervention early detection of developmental disabilities has led to growth in special education 
발달장애에 대한 빠른 발견과 빠른 개입이 특수교육의 성장을 이끌었습니다. 

Opportunities we never imagined today 12 percent of American public school children receive some form of special education 
예전에는 상상할 수 없었던 기회들이 주어져, 공립학교에 다니는 아이들의 12퍼센트가 어떤 종류의 특수교육을 받고 있습니다.

10% of Americans have taken an antidepressant that’s as many as take Statins the drugs that lower cholesterol 
미국인의 10퍼센트가 항우울제를 복용한 바 있는데, 이것은 콜레스테롤을 낮추는 스타틴을 복용한 사람의 수와 비슷합니다.

We need only listen to millennials 
밀레니얼세대에게 귀를 기울일 필요가 있는데요. 

I teach a class in which a student spoke up and said how hard it was for her to get diagnosed with ADHD 
제 수업에서 한 학생이 ADHD 진단을 받는 것이 얼마나 어려웠는지를 이야기했습니다.  

She just talks openly as all my students do today about their struggles
제 수업에 들어오는 학생들처럼 이 학생도 자신의 어려움을 터놓고 얘기합니다. 

She said that her father wouldn’t take her to a specialist to get diagnosed because he said she just wasn’t working hard enough to get good grades 
그녀의 아버지는 그녀를 전문가에게 데려가 진단을 받으려고도 하지 않았고, 그녀가 성적을 잘 받기 위해 충분히 노력하지 않았을 뿐이라고 했습니다.

And She told the class when I finally got to college ,and I sought care and I got diagnosed with ADHD that was the best day of my freshman year 
그 학생은 대학에 와서 결국 전문가를 찾아가 ADHD 진단을 받은 것이 신입생 시절 최고의 날이었다고 했습니다. 

because finally somebody saw that I wasn’t lazy or stupid that I just needed a little bit of help
내가 게으르거나 멍청한 것이 아니라 그저 도움이 좀 필요할 뿐이라는 것을 누군가 알아주었기 때문이라고 말이죠. 

What’s more?
또 뭐가 있을까요? 

Some of the people we admire the most, celebrities and athelets are shining a light on their struggles 
우리가 가장 우러러보는 유명인과 운동선수들이 자신의 어려움에 대해 터놓고 이야기하고 있습니다.

Speaking of himself and other athletes, NBA basketball player Kelly Oubre said we’re just normal human beings 
(정신건강 문제를 밝힌 드로잔과 케빈 러브에 공감하며) NBA 농구선수 켈리 오브레는 “우리는 그저 정상적인 인간일 뿐이다”라고 했습니다.

I mean think about that we’re just normal human beings that we’ve gotten to this point where a mental illness is a part what we expect of human existence 
생각해 보세요. 이것은 우리가 정신병을 인간 존재의 한 부분으로 생각하는 지점까지 도달했다는 말이기도 합니다. 

People with mental and physical disabilities are increasingly rejecting old norms 
정신적, 신체적 장애를 가진 사람들은 점점 더 오래된 규범을 거부하고 있습니다. 

including the milestones like moving out of the house at 18 or 21 or whatever arbitrary age we pick
열여덟이든 스물하나든 임의로 정한 나이에 부모 집을 떠나야 한다든가 하는 그런 규범이요. 

Being gay, transgender, genderfluid are becoming political, personal, and social identities rather than evidence of pathology 
누군가 동성애자, 트랜스젠더, 젠더플루이드인 것은 병의 증거가 아니라 정치적, 개인적, 사회적 정체성이 되고 있습니다.  

And my own daughter Isabell self-identifies proudly as autistic 
제 딸 이저벨도 스스로를 자폐인이라고 자랑스럽게 밝힙니다. 

And I less often hear that question that every parent who has an autistic child is asked, 
자폐인 자녀를 둔 부모들이라면 흔히 받던 질문도 점점 줄어들고 있습니다. 

The question that the Jun/oansi would never even conjure up 
준오안시 사람들이라면 떠올릴 수조차 없는 질문이죠.

Will she be able to live independently
자폐인 자녀가 혼자서 살아갈 수 있겠느냐는 거예요. 

Now we shouldn’t romanticize these changes 
우리는 이러한 변화를 낭만화해서는 안 됩니다.

Schizophrenia, substance abuse many other conditions are still highly stigmatized 
조현병, 물질 남용 같은 다른 장애에는 여전히 낙인이 따라붙습니다.

Many minority populations have less mental health care not just because of low access to services 
많은 소수자가 정신건강 치료를 덜 받고 있습니다. 정신건강 서비스에 대한 접근성이 낮기 때문만이 아니라  

but because of cultural tendencies to keep emotional struggles a secret and a learned distrust of medical institution 
정서적 문제를 감추려고 하는 문화적 경향성과 의료기관에 대한 학습된 불신 때문입니다. 

We also shouldn’t be too quick to thank science. We haven’t really produced a novel psychiatric medication in decades 
또한 너무 성급하게 과학에 감사해서도 안 됩니다. 수십 년간 새로운 정신 의약품이 개발되지 않았습니다.

What’s changed though is our ideals
변한 것이 있다면 우리의 관념일 것입니다.

We no longer are worshipping the person who conforms to an illusion of normality 
우리는 더 이상 정상성이라는 환상을 따르는 사람을 숭배하지 않습니다. 

Economic technological changes have allowed people access to the workplace and education that they never had before even with something as simple as telecommuting 
경제적, 기술적 변화가 예전에는 접근할 수 없었던 직업과 교육의 기회를 사람들에게 제공하게 되었습니다. 재택근무만으로도 많은 변화가 일어났죠. 

And the person we disdained in the past like the socially awkward person who was great at computers. Well, they’re now among our heroes 
사회적 소통에 어눌하고 컴퓨터를 잘하는 사람은 이제 우리의 영웅입니다. 그들은 과거에는 경멸의 대상이었어요.

The high-tech economy is truly the revenge of the nerds 
첨단기술 경제는 괴짜들의 복수나 다름없죠. 

We value diversity including neurodiversity today more than we value sameness
우리는 신경다양성을 포함한 다양성을 동일성보다 더 가치 있게 생각합니다.

So you see there’s nothing hardwired in us to exclude people to exclude people who suffer
이걸 봐도 우리가 고통받는 사람을 배제하는 것은 타고난 것이 아니라는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

We have to learn those things from our cultures  
소수자를 배척하는 것은 우리가 문화에서 학습한 것입니다. 

And if our culture puts stigma and mental illness together, we can surely take them apart
우리가 문화를 통해 낙인과 정신 질환을 엮었다면, 분명 그 둘을 분리할 수도 있을 것입니다. 

Thank you
감사합니다. 

-번역(김한결)